IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Lecture 6 - Digital work in teams

Communication

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Learning objectives:

  • Explain the selection of appropriate communication technologies based on media synchronicity theory
  • Describe the role of situational awareness in communication settings
  • Appreciate different facets and practical consideration related to communication in teams
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

GitLab: work where you want, when you want

Read the case of Choudhury et al. (2020) and answer the following questions:

  • What are the main challenges that need to be addressed in all-remote companies?
  • What are the key organizing principles at GitLab?
  • What are the boundary conditions for all-remote approaches?
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Coordination

"Coordination is managing dependencies between activities" (Malone and Crowston, 1994)

  • stigmergy
  • calendly
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Communication and media selection

Key question: which communication media are the most effective ones, or should be selected for a task at hand?

Media richness theory (Daft and Lengel, 1986):

  • Communication is essential in organizational information processing to reduce uncertainty and equivocality.
  • Communication media differ in richness (video calls transmit richer information, e.g., including gestures).
  • Richer communication media are generally more effective for communicating equivocal issues.

Media synchronicity theory (Dennis et al. 2008)

  • There are different communication tasks:
    • Conveyance refers to the transmission of information.
    • Convergence refers to the process of mutually agreeing on the meaning of information.
  • Communication media differ in their ability to support synchronicity, depending on their transmission or processing capabilities.
  • Communiation performance, essentially, depends on the fit between communication processes, media synchronicity, and appropriation factors.
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Communication processes and characteristics

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Communication system and media capabilities

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Media synchronicity theory (MST)

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

MST: examples and application

  1. Shared whiteboard in videoconferences: how does it change the media capabilities?
  2. It was a misunderstanding, but one that escalated quickly. Why can asynchronous textual communication (such as email or chat) be problematic in such settings?
  3. When sending out invitations to the weekly video-conference, your colleague emphasizes that he looks forward to seeing you in the call, and greets participants who share their video with a "nice to see you". Do you see any connections to MST?
  4. Take a minute to review the features offered by the Zoom AI assistant. How do they relate to MST?
  5. Consider a setting in which you would like to help your colleague with a challenging programming task. Your colleague works remotely. Which technologies would you select, and how could your choice be connected to MST?
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Communication and situational awareness

Endsley's cognitive model of situational awareness provides a useful framework to think about communication.

Situational awareness involves three levels:

  • Perception of data and elements of the environment (communication partners)
  • Comprehension of the meaning and significance of the situation (communication goals)
  • Projection of future states and events (potential communication outcomes)

Decisions and actions (related to communication) create a feedback loop, affecting communication partners, and awareness of changing situations over time.

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Situational awareness: examples

Examples of situational awareness in practice:

  • "At what times do you focus, at what times are you available for calls?"
  • "Are you green?"
  • "You have been quiet. What is your view on the issue?"
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Practice: Communication at GitLab

Take a few minutes to examine the communication section in GitLab's handbook and take notes on

  • The different communication settings
  • Best practices (potential challenges to keep in mind)

Major items to cover:

Additional items (select the ones you are most interested in):

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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

Summary

  • Discussed media selection and synchronicity
  • Covered the role of situational awareness in communication settings
  • Considered different facets and practical consideration related to communication in teams
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IDW-06: Communication in Teams

References

Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554-571. doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554

Dennis, A. R., Fuller, R. M., & Valacich, J. S. (2008). Media, tasks, and communication processes: A theory of media synchronicity. MIS Quarterly, 32(3), 575-600. doi:10.2307/25148857

Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64. doi: 10.1518/001872095779049543

Moorman, C. and Hinkfuss, K. (2023). Managing the cultural pitfalls of hybrid work. MIT Sloan Management Review. link

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"Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them" (Whitehead, 1911)

🔍 What Digital Coordination Encompasses Digital coordination includes: Task allocation: Assigning roles and responsibilities. Temporal coordination: Synchronizing activities in time. Information sharing: Ensuring access to timely and relevant data. Workflow orchestration: Structuring the order and logic of actions across actors or systems. Standardization vs. improvisation: Balancing formal rules with situated judgment. Boundary-spanning communication: Bridging diverse teams, systems, or contexts. Coordination artifacts: Use of digital tools like shared dashboards, workflow software, or version control systems. In platform-based or algorithmically mediated work (e.g., gig work, open-source platforms, or AI-enabled environments), coordination becomes increasingly digitally embedded in infrastructure and delegated to algorithms or code. 📚 Prominent Theories in IS and Related Fields 1. Coordination Theory (Malone & Crowston, 1994) Definition: Coordination is managing dependencies between activities. Key idea: Focuses on identifying and categorizing types of dependencies (e.g., prerequisite, shared resource, simultaneity) and coordination mechanisms (e.g., scheduling, communication protocols). Use in IS: Commonly used to analyze business processes, workflow systems, and software development coordination. 2. Orchestration and Modularity (in Platforms) Platform ecosystems often rely on modular architectures and orchestrators that coordinate complementors. Digital coordination is handled through APIs, standards, governance mechanisms, and boundary resources. 3. Sociotechnical Systems Theory Emphasizes the mutual shaping of social and technical aspects in organizing coordination (e.g., joint optimization of tools and teamwork). Important in understanding work system design and collaborative technologies. 4. Coordination through Artifacts (Schmidt & Wagner, 2002) Draws from CSCW and practice theory to study how digital artifacts (e.g., shared documents, code repositories) mediate coordination. Highlights emergent, negotiated coordination in knowledge work settings. 5. Temporal Coordination Theories E.g., Orlikowski & Yates (2002) on temporal structuring and calendars in distributed teams. Looks at rhythms, cycles, and routines in digitally mediated work. 6. Algorithmic Coordination / Algorithmic Management Newer stream focusing on how algorithms structure and control work coordination (e.g., in gig platforms or call centers). Tensions around visibility, control, and autonomy (e.g., Kellogg et al., 2020). 🧭 Emerging Themes Coordination as embedded in infrastructure: Especially in digital platforms and open-source. Coordination in distributed and hybrid teams: With increasing reliance on digital traces and tools. AI and Coordination: How agents/bots participate in or mediate coordination. Ethical and power dynamics: Around who controls coordination and with what visibility.

https://is.theorizeit.org/wiki/Media_synchronicity_theory

-> TODO : extract in a (jupyter?) notebook? (short video demos, including a shared coding session)

TODO : how can digital technology become more situationally aware (Benlian)

In small groups (2-3),

https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/communication/#smart-note-taking-in-meetings https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/communication/#types-of-meetings